This Carolingian minuscule became the common book and administrative script in the Carolingian empire and all over western Europe except Ireland, until it was in turn replaced by the Gothic minuscule script. Advocated by Charlemagne and with important collaboration of Alcuin of York-who had responded to a call to Charlemagne’s palace school in Aachen-an easy to read script was developed that, beginning from the 9th century, quickly spread across the frankish scriptoria. Beginning from the end of the the 8th century a standardisation took place in the course of the Carolingian Renaissance. Moreover, they were difficult to read, not least due to their extensive use of ligatures. Although all of them were derived from uncial, half uncial and new Roman cursive, they differed quite a lot regionally. These were already minuscule scripts using ascenders and descenders. In the young kingdoms that had been founded on formerly Roman territory during the migration period, several so called Post-Roman scripts emerged up to the 8th century. Pfeffer Mediæval is the idealised image of a Carolingian minuscule, the script of Charlemagne, on which our modern Antiqua has been modelled.
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