(Strategic Management in the 21st Century. Lerner proposed his famous index, where margin divided. This author agrees with Curry and George44 that the literature has not resolved the question of which index is the best to use to measure concentration. Literature Related to Concentration as a Proxy of Market Power According to IO's Joe Bain, concentration fosters collusion and this leads to high profitability.Anyone trying to secretly monitor Internet communication between the user and the VPN can see only encrypted traffic, and cannot see the ultimate destinations or the content of the data. Aside from disguising the customer’s IP address, the VPN encrypts communications between the user and the VPN provider adding a layer of confidentiality. VPNs can be a useful tool for protecting the privacy and security of law-abiding people, assuming they use a reliable VPN provider. Figure 3.7 depicts the use of a proxy or VPN to disguise one’s true IP address.Ī VPN is a service provided by a company for free or as a paid subscription, that routes a customer’s Internet traffic through the company’s own computers. Criminals might use chains of proxies, to make it even harder to trace online activity back to them.Ī virtual private network (VPN) also works as a proxy, though it also has the feature of encrypting the data in transit between the user and the VPN. Sometimes a proxy belongs to an unwitting participant, whose computer is infected with malware and is surreptitiously being used by criminals. A proxy could simply be another computer, somewhere in the world, connected to the Internet with its own IP address.
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